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DEFERENCE REMINDERS ON FLUID MECHANICS
General hydraulics involves the study of fluid mechanics with a focus on the behaviour of water and other liquids under various conditions. It covers fundamental principles such as fluid properties, pressure, flow dynamics, and energy transformations. Key topics include the analysis of static fluids (hydrostatics) and moving fluids (hydrodynamics), as well as concepts related to fluid forces, buoyancy, and the application of Archimedes' principle. Hydraulics also explores the principles behind hydraulic machines, pressure control, and flow measurement techniques. Understanding general hydraulics is essential for engineering fields that require the design and analysis of systems involving liquid movement and control.
PRESSURE AND FLUID STATIC
The term "pressure" refers to the force exerted per unit area on the surface of an object. It is a fundamental concept in physics, particularly in fluid mechanics, thermodynamics, and engineering. The pressure in a fluid (liquid or gas) arises due to the motion and collisions of molecules, and it can be caused by external forces like gravity or by the internal kinetic energy of the fluid's molecules.
The term "pressure" refers to the force exerted per unit area on the surface of an object. It is a fundamental concept in physics, particularly in fluid mechanics, thermodynamics, and engineering. The pressure in a fluid (liquid or gas) arises due to the motion and collisions of molecules, and it can be caused by external forces like gravity or by the internal kinetic energy of the fluid's molecules.
HYDRODYNAMICS
Hydrodynamics is the branch of fluid mechanics that studies the motion of fluids (particularly liquids) and the forces acting on them. It encompasses analysing how liquids flow in various environments, the forces involved, and the effects. Hydrodynamics has essential applications in engineering, physics, environmental science, and other fields where liquid flow plays a role. Hydrodynamics studies the movement of liquids while considering the forces that generate this motion. It involves examining the movement of fluid particles subjected to a system of forces, with compressibility forces being neglected. When viscosity forces do not come into play, there is no relative movement between liquid particles, leading to what is known as the hydrodynamics of perfect (ideal) fluids in motion. The presence of viscosity, however, induces energy loss, an irreversible transformation of mechanical energy into thermal energy, referred to as the hydrodynamics of real and incompressible fluids. Hydrodynamics generally divides into two parts: the hydrodynamics of perfect fluids and that of real fluids. Hydrostatics is a special case of hydrodynamics.
FLOW UNDER HEAD
The flow of a real fluid generates frictional forces due to viscosity and turbulence. The presence of these forces leads to a pressure drop, which is an irreversible transformation of mechanical energy into thermal energy. Studying fluid flow involves solving the Navier-Stokes equation. However, in practice, this equation can only be solved analytically by making simplifying assumptions. In particular, we must distinguish between two major types of flow: laminar and turbulent.
In fluid mechanics, load flow typically refers to the study and analysis of fluid (usually water, air, or other fluids) moving through a system, focusing on factors like pressure, velocity, and flow rate. It often involves evaluating how fluid is "loaded" through various parts of a piping or channel network. Here’s a quick breakdown of what load flow entails in different contexts.
In fluid mechanics, load flow typically refers to the study and analysis of fluid (usually water, air, or other fluids) moving through a system, focusing on factors like pressure, velocity, and flow rate. It often involves evaluating how fluid is "loaded" through various parts of a piping or channel network. Here’s a quick breakdown of what load flow entails in different contexts:
FREE-SURFACE FLOW AND HYDROLOGY
Open channel flow refers to the movement of a fluid (usually water) with a free surface exposed to the atmosphere, as opposed to flow confined within closed conduits like pipes. This type of flow is driven primarily by gravity and influenced by the channel's geometry, slope, and surface roughness.
Understanding open channel flow is fundamental in hydrology, civil engineering, and water resource management to ensure the efficient design and operation of water transport systems.
Flow in an open channel occurs when a liquid, flowing under the influence of gravity, is only partially confined by its solid boundaries. In open channel flow, the flowing liquid has a free surface and is subject only to pressures created by its own weight and atmospheric pressure.